2014年1月22日 星期三

《妙法蓮華經句解》:卷一.序品第一>八部眾



《法華經》卷一.〈序品〉第一

Lotus Sutra-5:八部眾
有四緊那羅王:[1]
此云歌神,天帝歌樂,用此神也。[2]

法緊那羅王、
佛說法時,諸天弦歌,以讚於佛。[3]
妙法緊那羅王、
作妙法樂,以讚於佛。[4]
大法緊那羅王、
讚詠大乘清淨法也。[5]
持法緊那羅王、
任持正法,播於音樂。[6]
各與若干百千眷屬俱。
四種歌神所部之眾。[7]
有四乾闥婆王:[8]
此云嗅香,以香為食。天帝作樂,即用此神。[9]
樂乾闥婆王、[10]
樂者,橦也,[11]宅江切(倒伎也),[12]即緣竿倒擲之類。[13]
樂音乾闥婆王、
即奏鼓樂者。[14]
美乾闥婆王、
作橦倒伎,最美觀者。[15]
美音乾闥婆王,
即奏音樂最美妙者。[16]
各與若干百千眷屬俱。
四種樂王所部之眾。[17]
有四阿修羅王:[18]
此云無端正,形貌醜惡故。[19]
婆稚阿修羅王、[20]
此云最勝,能勝一切情欲境故。[21]
佉羅騫馱阿修羅王、[22]
此云廣肩脾,以能荷法故。[23]
毗摩質多羅阿修羅王、
此云淨心,帝釋夫人舍脂[24]父也。[25]
羅睺阿修羅王,[26]
此云障持,其身長廣,手持日月,障覆光明。[27]
各與若干百千眷屬俱。
四種脩羅眷屬眾也。[28]
有四迦樓羅王:[29]
此云金翅鳥,[30]羽毛金色故。[31]
大威德迦樓羅王、
威德最大,[32]勝諸同類。[33]
大身迦樓羅王、
居四天下[34]大樹之上,兩翅展開,相去三百三十六萬里。[35]
大滿迦樓羅王、[36]
翅扇水開,入海噉龍,大滿其意。[37]
如意迦樓羅王,
此鳥頸上有如意珠。[38]
各與若干百千眷屬俱。
四金翅鳥眷屬之眾。[39]



[1] 緊那羅:為音譯,帝釋天的樂神,似人而頭上有角。
 kinnara; the musicians of Kuvera, with men's bodies and horses' heads; they are described as 人非人 men yet not men, and 疑神 mythical beings; one of the eight classes of heavenly musicians; they are also described as horned, as having crystal lutes, the females singing and dancing, and as ranking below gandharvas.
[2]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c07
[3]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c08
[4]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c09
[5]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c10
[6]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c11
[7]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c12
[8] 乾闥婆:梵語乾闥婆,華言香陰。陰,即身也。不噉酒肉,惟香資陰,故名香陰。是帝釋天主樂神,在須彌山南,金剛窟住。天主欲作樂時,即上天也。
 gandharva or gandharva kāyikās, spirits on Gandha-mādana the fragrant or incense mountains, so called because the Gandharvas do not drink wine or eat meat, but feed on incense or fragrance and give off fragrant odours. As musicians of Indra, or in the retinue of Dhṛtarāṣtra, they are said to be the same as, or similar to, the Kinnaras. They are, or according to M.W., Dhṛtarāṣtra is associated with soma, the moon, and with medicine. They cause ecstasy, are erotic, and the patrons of marriageable girls; the Apsaras are their wives, and both are patrons of dicers.
[9]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c13-c14
[10] 樂乾闥婆:The gandharvas, Indra's musicians.
[11] 橦:音ㄔㄨㄤˊ。古代指旗杆、桅杆等。
[12] 伎:技巧,才能。
[13]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c15-c16
[14]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c17
[15]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c18
[16]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c19
[17]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c20
[18] 阿修羅王:指阿修羅道之王。諸經典中,列舉不少阿修羅王之名,其中,法華經》〈序品列有婆稚、佉羅騫馱、毘摩質多羅、羅等四大阿修羅王,各有百千眷屬。起世因本經卷五亦列舉四大阿修羅王,並記載其住處。毘摩質多羅阿修羅王住於須彌山東面千由旬處之大海下,國土縱廣八萬由旬,有七重城壁,王城稱為設摩婆帝,中央集會處稱為七頭;踊躍阿修羅王住於須彌山南面千由旬處之大海下,國土縱廣八萬由旬;奢婆羅阿修羅王住於須彌山西面千由旬處之大海下;羅阿修羅住於須彌山北面千由旬處之大海下,宮殿之莊嚴似毘摩質多羅者。正法念處經卷十八至卷二十一更詳述四大阿修羅王之住處、宮殿、園林、侍者、婇女、業因及壽命。新華嚴經卷一所列阿修羅則有羅、毘摩質多羅、巧幻術、大眷屬、大力、照、堅固行妙莊嚴、廣大因慧、出現勝德、妙好音聲等阿修羅王。
[19]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c21
[20] 婆稚:bandhi, or bali, the origin and meaning are obscure, defined as 'bound' and also as round, full-orbed, complete. Bandhiasura, an asura -king. Also, 婆梨; 跋稚; 跋塀; 跋移; 末利.
[21]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c22
[22] 佉羅騫馱:Kharakantha; kings of demons, kings of asuras present when Buddha preached the Lotus Sutra; also described as rumbling like thunder, or stirring up the waves of the ocean.
[23]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c23
[24] 舍脂:梵名Śacī Śaci Śacikā,巴利名 Sujā Sujātā。又作舍之、舍支、釋脂、設芝、設支、娑呬迦。意譯淨量、妙安。乃帝釋天之妃,阿修羅之女。
 據雜阿含經卷四十載,舍脂為帝釋天之第一天后,帝釋因此而稱舍脂低。據玄應音義卷二十五載,舍脂,意為能縛,謂女人若可愛,能令男子生染著。又據新華嚴經卷四十四載,舍支能於一音之中出千種音。大毘婆沙論卷六十一則載,設芝發諂媚之音時,令洲胤仙人生愛欲,而退失勝定,螺髻隨之墮落。
 此外,據大莊嚴論經卷十載,舍之嘗與帝釋共同供養摩訶迦葉。又大三摩惹經載,娑呬迦為天女之一。
[25]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 438c24-439a01
[26] 羅睺阿修羅:Rāhu-asura, the asura who in fighting with Indra can seize sun and moon, i.e. cause eclipses.
 梵名 Rāhuasura。略稱羅阿修羅。四種阿修羅王之一。羅 意為障月,以此阿修羅王與帝釋作戰時,手能執日月,障蔽其光,故有此名。正法念處經卷十八至卷二十一,詳述四大阿修羅王之住處、宮殿、園林、侍者、婇女、業因及壽命等。據載,此王住海底地下第一層(二萬一千由旬),身量廣大,如須彌山王。所住光明城縱廣八千由旬,園林房舍皆以寶莊嚴。舉手障日光輪,即形成 日蝕;以手障月,形成月蝕。論其業因,謂王過去為婆羅門時,見火燒塔,遂滅火而令塔不壞,欲以救塔之福德為因,願得大身。然雖作此願,猶不信正法,不正思惟,常愛鬥戰,不修正業,故死後墮入阿修羅道。〔起世經卷五阿修羅品〕
[27]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a02-a03
[28]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a04
[29] 迦樓羅:又作迦留羅,華譯為金翅鳥,牠取龍為食,為八部眾之一。
garuḍa; 'a mythical bird, the chief of the feathered race, the enemy of the serpent race, the vehicle of Vishṇu.' M. W. Tr. as golden-winged, with an expanse of 3,360,000 li, carrying the ruyi pearl or talisman on its neck; among other accounts one says it dwells in great trees and feeds on snakes or dragons. Also 迦婁羅; 迦留羅; 迦嘍荼; 伽樓羅; 揭路荼; 誐嚕拏 (or 蘗嚕拏). The association of the garuḍa, like the phoenix, with fire makes it also a symbol of flame 迦樓羅炎.
[30] 金翅鳥:梵語 suparna,或 suparnin。音譯蘇剌尼。意譯羽毛美麗者。又譯食吐悲苦聲。係印度神話之鳥,被視同迦樓羅鳥(梵 garuda,蘗嚕拏)。又作妙翅鳥、項癭鳥。為印度教毘濕奴神所跨乘。於佛教中,為八部眾之一,翅翮金色,兩翼廣三三六萬里,住於須彌山下層。據長阿含經卷十九載,此鳥有卵生、胎生、濕生、化生四種,常取卵、胎、濕、化之諸龍為食。
[31]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a05
[32] 大威德:有伏惡之勢,謂之大威。有護善之功,謂之大德。明王中之大威德,菩薩中之大威德,迦樓羅王中之大威德,各以其性德而名之。
[33]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a06
[34] 四天下:The four quarters or continents of the world.
 古印度地理觀,此世界分成東南西北四大洲,稱為四天下。
[35]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a07-a08
[36] 大滿:Great, full, or complete; tr. of mahā-pūrma, king of monster birds or garudas who are enemies of the nāgas or serpents; he is the vehicle of Visnu in Brahmanism.
[37]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a09
[38]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a10
[39]《妙法蓮華經》,CBETA, X30, no. 604, p. 439a11

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